This module proposes pharmacological strategies that might decrease persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP). The recommendations are based on a review of publications available in the literature at the time.

Objectives of this Continuing Professional Development (CPD) module:

After reading this module, the reader should be able to:

1. Estimate the incidence of persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP);
2. Identify the risk factors for developing PPSP;
3. Describe the processes of peripheral and central sensitization that support the transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery;
4. Pinpoint the different pharmacological strategies available for the anesthesiologist in the perioperative period to impede the development of PPSP.